Cognitive Control in Auditory Processing

.........................................................................................................................................5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................7 1. ATTENTION..............................................................................................................................9 1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ATTENTION RESEARCH .............................................................9 1.2 BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN COGNITIVE PROCESSES................................................................9 1.2.1 Bottom-up processing .................................................................................................10 1.2.2 Top-down processing..................................................................................................10 1.2.3 Integration of bottom-up and top-down processes .....................................................12 1.3 THE COGNITIVE CONTROL VIEW OF ATTENTION......................................................................13 1.3.1 Cognitive control ........................................................................................................13 1.3.2 The guided activation model of cognitive control.......................................................15 1.3.3 Cognitive conflict ........................................................................................................18 1.3.4 Functional localisation of cognitive control ...............................................................19 1.3.5 Conflict resolution by facilitation ...............................................................................23 1.3.6 Conflict resolution by inhibition .................................................................................24 2. PRIMING..................................................................................................................................26 2.1 POSITIVE PRIMING ..................................................................................................................26 2.2 NEGATIVE PRIMING ................................................................................................................27 2.2.1 Negative priming and cognitive conflict .....................................................................29 2.2.2 Neural network model of negative priming.................................................................29 2.2.3 Neuroimaging and lesion studies of negative priming................................................31 3. DICHOTIC LISTENING ........................................................................................................33 3.1 HEMISPHERE ASYMMETRY AND LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS.........................................................33 3.2 THE DICHOTIC LISTENING EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGM ............................................................33 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL VARIATIONS OF THE DICHOTIC LISTENING TASK ............................................34 3.4 THEORETICAL MODELS OF DICHOTIC LISTENING.....................................................................35 3.4.1 The structural model ...................................................................................................35 3.4.2 Top-down modulation of bottom-up laterality ............................................................36 3.4.3 Hemispheric activation model ....................................................................................37 3.4.4 Two-stage model .........................................................................................................38 3.5 DICHOTIC LISTENING AS COGNITIVE CONFLICT.......................................................................39 4. PRIMED DICHOTIC LISTENING.......................................................................................40 4.1.1 Limitations of directed attention accounts of dichotic listening .................................41 4.1.2 Priming applied to dichotic listening..........................................................................41 4.2 THEORETICAL MODEL FOR PRIMED DICHOTIC LISTENING .......................................................42 4.2.1 Priming understood as a bottom-up or a top-down process.......................................42 4.2.2 Cognitive conflict in primed dichotic listening ...........................................................42 4.2.3 Inhibition model of primed dichotic listening .............................................................43 4.2.4 Neural network model for primed dichotic listening ..................................................43 4.2.5 Neuroanatomical predictions for primed dichotic listening .......................................46 5. SUMMARY OF REPORTS ................................................................................................... 48 5.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 48 5.1.1 Report I ...................................................................................................................... 48 5.1.2 Report II ..................................................................................................................... 48 5.1.3 Report III.................................................................................................................... 48 5.2 METHODS .............................................................................................................................. 49 5.2.1 Experimental design................................................................................................... 49 5.2.2 Experimental conditions and response categories..................................................... 49 5.2.3 Variations between the experiments........................................................................... 51 5.3 SUMMARY OF RESULTS.......................................................................................................... 52 5.3.1 Report I ...................................................................................................................... 52 5.3.2 Report II ..................................................................................................................... 52 5.3.3 Report III.................................................................................................................... 53 5.3.4 Errata ......................................................................................................................... 54 6. DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................... 54 6.1 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIMED DICHOTIC LISTENING .................................................................. 54 6.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR DICHOTIC LISTENING MODELS ................................................................. 55 6.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR COGNITIVE CONTROL MODELS ................................................................. 56 6.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR MODELS OF NEGATIVE PRIMING ............................................................... 57 6.5 POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ..................................................................................... 58 6.6 FUTURE WORK....................................................................................................................... 59 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................... 61 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS............................................................................................................... 71